AGA XH199601 : 1996

I HISTORY OF THE USE AND DEVELOPMENT OF FUEL GAS
II PROPERTIES AND GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GASES
       Chemical Composition of Fuel Gases
       Natural Gases
       Liquefied Petroleum Gases
       Manufactured and Mixed Gases
       Odorants Added to Gas
       Specific Gravity
       Heating Value
III COMBUSTION OF GAS
       The Meaning of Combustion
       Requirements for Combustion
       Basic Chemistry of Combustion
       Controlled Combustion
       Explosive Combustion
       Limits of Flammability
       Burning Speed
       Complete Combustion
       Incomplete Combustion - Causes and Effects
       Carbon Monoxide
       Testing for Carbon Monoxide
       Aldehydes
       Oxides of Nitrogen, Hydrocarbons
IV DESIGN AND OPERATION OF GAS BURNERS
       Yellow Flame Burners
       Blue Flame (Bunsen) Burner
       Radiant Burner
       Primary Air, Secondary Air, Excess Air
       Flame Appearance and Stability
       Lifting Burner Flames
       Flashback
       Yellow Tipping of Flames
       Effects of Combustion Air Flow Rates on
         Appliance Efficiency
       Control of Combustion Air Flow
       Calculation of Excess Air Percentage
       Impingement of Burner Flames on Cool Surfaces
       Typical Burner Components
         Gas Orifice
         Air Shutter
         Venturi Throat
         Mixing Tube
         Burner Head
         Burner Ports
       Operation of Burners
         Atmospheric Burners
         Power Burners
         Forced and Induced Draft Burners
         Premixing and Pressure Power Burners
       Appliance Burner Designs
         Drilled Port Burners
         Slotted Port Burners
         Ribbon Port Burners
         Single Port
         Infrared Radiant Burners
         Jet Burners
         Impingement Target Burners
       Pilot Burners
         Primary Aerated Pilot Burners
         Non-Primary Aerated Pilot Burners
V BURNER ORIFICES
       Types of Orifices
         Fixed Orifices
         Adjustable Orifices
         Universal Orifices
       Orifice Discharge Coefficient
         (Orifice Constant)
       Measuring Gas Input Rates
       Measuring Gas Flow
       Measuring Gas Pressure
       Sizing Orifices for Desired Gas Flow Rates
       Sizing Inputs by Flame Spread Method
       Compensation for Altitude on Setting Inputs
VI VENTING
VII BURNER PROBLEMS
       Lifting Flames (Blowing Flames)
         How to Recognize Lifting Flames
         Results of Lifting Flames
         Corrections for Lifting Flames
       Flashback
         How to Recognize Flashback
         Results of Flashback
         Corrections for Flashback
       Extinction Pop (Flashback on Extinction)
         How to Recognize Extinction Pop
         Results of Extinction Pop
         Corrections for Extinction Pop
       Yellow Tipping (Yellow Flames)
         How to Recognize Yellow Tipping
         Results of Yellow Tipping
         Corrections for Yellow Tipping
       Fluctuating Flames
         How to Recognize Fluctuating Flames
         Results of Fluctuating Flames
         Corrections for Fluctuating Flames
       Unstable or Wavering Flames
         How to Recognize Wavering Flames
         Results of Wavering Flames
         Corrections for Wavering Flames
       Floating Flames
         How to Recognize Floating Flames
         Results of Floating Flames
         Corrections for Floating Flames
       Flame Rollout
         How to Recognize Flame Rollout
         Results of Flame Rollout
         Corrections for Flame Rollout
       Gas Odor at Primary Air Openings
       Corrosion of Appliances
TABLES
       TABLE 1 - Physiological Effect of Carbon
                 Monoxide
       TABLE 2 - Sample Air Quality Standards and
                 Guidelines (CO[2], CO, and NO[2])
       TABLE 3 - Gas Input to Burner in Cubic Feet
                 Per Hour
       TABLE 4 - Utility Gases (Cubic Feet Per Hour
                 at Sea Level)
       TABLE 5 - LP-Gases (Btu Per Hour at Sea Level)
       TABLE 6 - Factors for Utility Gases of Another
                 Specific Gravity
       TABLE 7 - Equivalent Orifice Sizes at High
                 Altitudes (Includes 4% Input Reduction
                 for Each 1,000 Feet)
       TABLE 8 - Table of Conversion Factors
REFERENCE SOURCES
GLOSSARY