API 4675 : 1999

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE REVIEW
- OBJECTIVES AND ORGANIZATION OF THE REVIEW
DESCRIPTION OF FRESHWATER HABITATS
- WATER ENVIRONMENTS
      - Open Water
      - Large Rivers
      - Small Lakes and Ponds
      - Small Rivers and Streams
- SHORELINE HABITATS
      - Bedrock
      - Manmade Structures
      - Mixed Sand and Gravel
      - Gravel
      - Vegetated Shorelines
      - Mud
      - Wetlands
CHARACTERISTICS OF OILS AND BEHAVIOUR IN FRESHWATER
- CRUDE OIL AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
      - Components of Oils
      - Classification of Oils
      - Characteristics of Oils
- PROCESSES AFFECTING OIL IN FRESHWATER
      - Spreading and Drift
      - Emulsion and Dispersion
      - Evaporation
      - Dissolution
      - Sorption, Sedimentation, and Sinking
      - Photodegradation
      - Biodegradation
- SUMMARY
ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SPILLED OIL IN FRESHWATER ENVIRONMENTS
- TOXICITY OF OIL CONSTITUENTS
- COMPARATIVE TOXICITY OF OIL WATER SOLUBLE
FRACTIONS AND DISPERSIONS
      - Dissolved vs. Dispersed Oil
      - Oil Toxicity Testing Methods
      - Relative Toxicity of Oils
- EFFFRESHWATER ORGANISMS
      - Bacteria and Other Microbes
      - Algae
      - Macrophytes
      - Invertebrates
      - Fish
      - Amphibians and Reptiles
      - Birds and Mammals
- SUMMARY
SUMMARY AND RESEARCH NEEDS
      - Water Soluble Fraction Testing and Method
            Standardization
      - Weathered Oils
      - Oil in Sediments
      - Vegetation Sensitivity to Oiling and Cutting
            Resiliency
      - Amphibians, Reptiles, and Mammals
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A - OIL SPILL RESPONSE OPTIONS, LESSONS FROM PAST
             PRACTICES
Table 2-1 - Freshwater environments and shoreline habitats
            correlated with the environmental sensitivity
            index (ESI) shoreline rankings for the Great
            Lakes
Table 3-1 - Concentrations of aromatics in two crude oils,
            No. 2 fuel oil, and Bunker C residual oil
Table 3-2 - Concentrations of metals in crude oils
Table 3-3 - Classification of crude oils
Table 3-4 - Physical properties of oils
Table 3-5 - Vapor pressures and Henry's law constants (H) of
            oil constituents
Table 3-6 - Changes in properties of three oils due to
            evaporation
Table 3-7 - Solubility and octanol-water partition
            coefficients (Kow) of oil constituents
Table 3-8 - Solubility of crude oils as a function of
            specific gravity (API degree), temperature, and
            salinity (distilled water vs. seawater)
Table 3-9 - Solubility of oils in freshwater
Table 3-10 - Concentrations of oil constituents in the
             water-soluble fractions of four oils
Table 4-1 - Acute toxicity of petroleum hydrocarbons to
            Daphnia magna (zooplankton)
Table 4-2 - Acute toxicity of five aromatic compounds to
            Daphnia pulex (zooplankton)
Table 4-3 - Acute toxicity of six petroleum constituents to
            aquatic organisms
Table 4-4 - Acute toxicity of petroleum constituents of
            Pseudomonas putida (bacteria), Scenedesmus
            guadricauda (algae) and Entosiphon sulcatum
            (protozoa)
Table 4-5 - Acute toxicity of photooxidation products to
            Dunaliella bioculata (green algae)
Table 4-6 - Acute toxicity of aromatic hydrocarbons to
            freshwater organisms
Table 4-7 - Bioaccumulation of aromatic hydrocarbons by
            Daphnia pulex (zooplankton)
Table 4-8 - Acute toxicity of water soluble fractions of
            four oils to rainbow trout
Table 4-9 - Composition of crude oil water soluble fractions
            and toxicity to Daphnia pulex (zooplankton)
Table 4-10 - Summary of effects of oil spills on fish
Table A.1 - Case histories of spill responses
Figure 4-1 - Ranges of acute toxicity of petroleum
             hydrocarbons to freshwater organisms