AS 2159-2009

1 - AS 2159-2009 PILING-DESIGN AND INSTALLATION
4 - PREFACE
5 - CONTENTS
7 - FOREWORD
8 - SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
8 - 1.1 SCOPE
8 - 1.2 NORMATIVE REFERENCES
9 - 1.3 DEFINITIONS
9 - 1.3.1 Bored cast in place pile
9 - 1.3.2 Cased pile
9 - 1.3.3 Cone penetration test (CPT)
9 - 1.3.4 Continuous flight auger pile (CFA)
9 - 1.3.5 Design action
10 - 1.3.6 Design action effect (Ed)
10 - 1.3.7 Design geotechnical strength (Rd,g)
10 - 1.3.8 Design life
10 - 1.3.9 Design serviceability load (Eds)
10 - 1.3.10 Design structural strength (Rd,s)
10 - 1.3.11 Design ultimate geotechnical strength (Rd,ug)
10 - 1.3.12 Design ultimate structural strength (Rd,us)
10 - 1.3.13 Driven cast in place pile
10 - 1.3.14 Driven preformed pile
10 - 1.3.15 Durability
10 - 1.3.16 End-bearing pile
10 - 1.3.17 Footing
10 - 1.3.18 Foundation
10 - 1.3.19 Friction pile
11 - 1.3.20 Ground anchor
11 - 1.3.21 Large displacement piles
11 - 1.3.22 Limit state
11 - 1.3.23 Pile
11 - 1.3.24 Pile group
11 - 1.3.25 Pile head
11 - 1.3.26 Pile heave
11 - 1.3.27 Raking pile
11 - 1.3.28 Serviceability limit state (SLS), serviceability
11 - 1.3.29 Set
11 - 1.3.30 Small displacement piles
11 - 1.3.31 Standard penetration test (SPT)
11 - 1.3.32 Steel screw piles
12 - 1.3.33 Temporary compression
12 - 1.3.34 Test pile
12 - 1.3.35 Test ultimate geotechnical strength (Rt,ug)
12 - 1.3.36 Toe
12 - 1.3.37 Ultimate geotechnical strength (Rug)
12 - 1.4 NOTATION
15 - 1.5 CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
15 - 1.5.1 General
15 - 1.5.2 Displacement piles
16 - 1.5.3 Non-displacement piles
16 - 1.5.4 Partial displacement, post-grouted and preloaded non-displacement piles
17 - SECTION 2 SITE INVESTIGATION
17 - 2.1 GENERAL
17 - 2.2 INFORMATION REQUIRED
18 - SECTION 3 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AND PROCEDURES
18 - 3.1 OBJECTIVE OF PILE DESIGN
18 - 3.2 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
18 - 3.2.1 General
18 - 3.2.2 Design for ultimate strength
19 - 3.2.3 Design for serviceability
19 - 3.2.4 Design for durability
19 - 3.2.5 Design for other relevant requirements
19 - 3.3 ACTIONS AND COMBINATIONS FOR STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY DESIGN
19 - 3.3.1 Actions and loads
20 - 3.3.2 Load combinations for strength design
21 - 3.3.3 Load combinations for serviceability design
22 - SECTION 4 GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN
22 - 4.1 GENERAL
22 - 4.2 ASSESSMENT OF GEOTECHNICAL PARAMETERS
23 - 4.3 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF GEOTECHNICAL STRENGTH DESIGN
23 - 4.3.1 Design geotechnical strength
24 - 4.3.2 Assessment of basic geotechnical strength reduction factor (φgb)
26 - 4.3.3 Assessment of design ultimate geotechnical strength (Rd,ug)
26 - 4.4 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR STRENGTH
26 - 4.4.1 Design ultimate geotechnical strength in compression
27 - 4.4.2 Design ultimate geotechnical strength in uplift
28 - 4.4.3 Design ultimate geotechnical strength of a pile group in compression or uplift
29 - 4.4.4 Combined pile and raft foundation
29 - 4.4.5 Negative friction
29 - 4.4.6 Soil swelling
30 - 4.4.7 Design ultimate geotechnical strength for lateral loading
30 - 4.4.8 Cyclic loading
30 - 4.4.9 Dynamic loading
31 - 4.4.10 Earthquake loading
31 - 4.5 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN FOR SERVICEABILITY
31 - 4.5.1 Design actions
31 - 4.5.2 Design criteria
31 - 4.5.3 Deflection limits
31 - 4.5.4 Geotechnical parameters for serviceability limit states
31 - 4.6 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SERVICEABILITY
31 - 4.6.1 Deflection of a pile
31 - 4.6.2 Combined pile and raft footing
32 - 4.6.3 Settlement due to negative friction
32 - 4.6.4 Pile heave due to soil swelling
33 - 4.6.5 Deflection due to cyclic, impact, dynamic, earthquake, torsional or other loads
34 - SECTION 5 STRUCTURAL DESIGN
34 - 5.1 SCOPE OF SECTION
34 - 5.2 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURAL STRENGTH DESIGN
34 - 5.2.1 Design structural strength
34 - 5.2.2 Design bending moment (Md)
35 - 5.2.3 Buckling of a pile
35 - 5.2.4 Pile splice
35 - 5.3 CONCRETE AND GROUT PILES
35 - 5.3.1 General
35 - 5.3.2 Cast in place piles
36 - 5.3.3 Reinforcement requirement
37 - 5.3.4 Partially reinforced pile
37 - 5.3.5 Unreinforced piles
37 - 5.3.6 Cast in place screw piles
37 - 5.3.7 Lateral restraint of longitudinal reinforcement and tendons
38 - 5.4 STEEL PILES
38 - 5.4.1 General
38 - 5.4.2 Steel screw piles
38 - 5.5 COMPOSITE STEEL AND CONCRETE PILES
39 - 5.6 TIMBER PILES
39 - 5.6.1 General
39 - 5.6.2 Timber pile splices
39 - 5.6.3 Connection details
40 - SECTION 6 DURABILITY DESIGN
40 - 6.1 GENERAL
40 - 6.2 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF DURABILITY DESIGN
40 - 6.3 ACID SULFATE SOILS
41 - 6.4 DESIGN FOR DURABILITY OF CONCRETE PILES
41 - 6.4.1 General
41 - 6.4.2 Exposure classification for concrete piles
43 - 6.4.3 Durability requirements
44 - 6.5 DESIGN FOR DURABILITY OF STEEL PILES
44 - 6.5.1 General
44 - 6.5.2 Exposure classification for steel piles
46 - 6.5.3 Corrosion allowance for steel piles
47 - 6.5.4 Coating protection systems
47 - 6.5.5 Cathodic protection
47 - 6.6 DESIGN FOR DURABILITY OF TIMBER PILES
47 - 6.6.1 Design life
47 - 6.6.2 Timber selection and treatment
47 - 6.6.3 Timber preservation
48 - 6.6.4 Treatment after cut-off
48 - 6.6.5 Marine piles
49 - SECTION 7 MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
49 - 7.1 GENERAL
49 - 7.1.1 Concrete
49 - 7.1.2 Grout
49 - 7.1.3 Steel
49 - 7.1.4 Timber
49 - 7.2 TOLERANCES AND DEFECTS
49 - 7.2.1 Positional tolerances
49 - 7.2.2 Cut-off levels
50 - 7.2.3 Trimming and capping
50 - 7.2.4 Variation in pile depths
50 - 7.2.5 Defective piles
50 - 7.3 DISPLACEMENT PILES-PREFORMED
50 - 7.3.1 Dimensional tolerances
51 - 7.3.2 Handling and storage
51 - 7.3.3 Installation by driving
52 - 7.3.4 Installation by jacking
53 - 7.3.5 Installation by screwing
54 - 7.4 DISPLACEMENT PILES-DRIVEN CAST IN PLACE
54 - 7.4.1 Dimensional accuracy
54 - 7.4.2 Liners
54 - 7.4.3 Construction
55 - 7.5 DISPLACEMENT PILES-SCREWED CAST IN PLACE
55 - 7.5.1 General
55 - 7.5.2 Dimensional accuracy
55 - 7.5.3 Construction
56 - 7.5.4 Sampling and testing
56 - 7.6 NON-DISPLACEMENT PILES
56 - 7.6.1 Dimensional accuracy
56 - 7.6.2 Support systems
57 - 7.6.3 Excavation of the pile shaft
57 - 7.6.4 Base and shaft preparation
57 - 7.6.5 Construction
58 - 7.6.6 Continuous flight auger piles
59 - 7.7 RECORDS OF DATA
59 - 7.7.1 Displacement piles
60 - 7.7.2 Non-displacement piles
62 - SECTION 8 TESTING
62 - 8.1 SCOPE
62 - 8.2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
62 - 8.2.1 Selection and construction of test piles
62 - 8.2.2 Effect of changed conditions
62 - 8.2.3 Performance of the tests
62 - 8.2.4 Requirement to test
64 - 8.3 PILE LOAD TESTING
64 - 8.3.1 Types of pile load testing
64 - 8.3.2 Information required
65 - 8.3.3 Test load
66 - 8.3.4 Acceptance of piles
66 - 8.3.5 Effects of test set-up
67 - 8.4 STATIC LOAD TESTING
67 - 8.4.1 Use of static loading
67 - 8.4.2 Test procedure
68 - 8.4.3 Acceptance criteria
69 - 8.5 HIGH-STRAIN DYNAMIC PILE TESTING
69 - 8.5.1 General
70 - 8.5.2 Acceptance criteria
70 - 8.6 BI-DIRECTIONAL LOAD TESTING
70 - 8.6.1 General
70 - 8.6.2 Performance criteria
71 - 8.7 RAPID LOAD TESTING
71 - 8.7.1 General
71 - 8.7.2 Acceptance criteria
71 - 8.8 INTEGRITY TESTING
71 - 8.8.1 General
71 - 8.8.2 Test procedure
72 - 8.8.3 Acceptance criteria
73 - APPENDIX A - STATIC LOAD TEST
73 - A1 GENERAL
73 - A2 PREPARATION AND APPARATUS
73 - A2.1 Preparation for testing
73 - A2.2 Reaction system
74 - A2.3 Equipment for loading and test measurement
76 - A3 LOADING PROGRESS AND RECORDING OF DATA
76 - A3.1 General
76 - A3.2 Load application
78 - A3.3 Recording during the loading stages
78 - A3.4 Recording during unloading stages
79 - A4 REPORT
80 - APPENDIX B - HIGH-STRAIN DYNAMIC PILE TESTING
80 - B1 GENERAL
80 - B2 PILE PREPARATION
80 - B3 HAMMER ENERGY
80 - B4 NEGATIVE FRICTION
81 - B5 TIME AND PURPOSE OF TESTING
81 - B6 APPLICATION OF DYNAMIC TESTING
81 - B7 INSTRUMENTATION
81 - B8 TEST PROCEDURE
82 - B9 REPORT
83 - APPENDIX C - RAPID PILE TESTING
83 - C1 GENERAL
83 - C2 DEFINITIONS
83 - C2.1 Rapid force
83 - C2.2 Wave speed
83 - C2.3 Natural period
83 - C3 SAFETY
84 - C4 EQUIPMENT
84 - C4.1 General
84 - C4.2 Equipment using pressure of gases produced by combustion
84 - C4.3 Equipment using a drop mass
84 - C5 MEASURING SYSTEMS
84 - C5.1 Measurement of force
84 - C5.2 Measurement of pile movement
85 - C5.3 Pile groups
85 - C5.4 Measurement of acceleration
85 - C6 RECORDING OF RESULTS
85 - C7 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
85 - C8 REPORT
87 - APPENDIX D - INTEGRITY TESTING
87 - D1 SCOPE
87 - D2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
87 - D2.1 Preparation for testing
87 - D2.2 Time of testing
87 - D2.3 Report
88 - D3 PULSE ECHO METHOD
88 - D3.1 General
88 - D3.2 Site testing
88 - D3.3 Signal processing
88 - D4 VIBRATION METHOD
88 - D4.1 General
88 - D4.2 Site testing
88 - D4.3 Signal processing
89 - D5 IMPULSE RESPONSE METHOD
89 - D5.1 General
89 - D5.2 Site testing
89 - D5.3 Signal processing
89 - D6 SONIC LOGGING METHOD
89 - D6.1 General
89 - D6.2 Site testing
90 - D6.3 Signal processing
90 - D7 ALTERNATIVE TEST METHODS
91 - APPENDIX E - LIMIT STATES-SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS
92 - BIBLIOGRAPHY

Sets out minimum requirements for the design, construction and testing of piled footings for civil engineering and building structures on land or immediate inshore locations.

This Standard sets out minimum requirements for the design, construction and testing of piled footings for civil engineering and building structures on land or immediate inshore locations. It does not extend to offshore (deepwater) construction.NOTES:1 AS 5100 series should be considered for the design of footings for road bridges.2 Where the strength or serviceability of an existing structure is to be evaluated, the general principles of this Standard should be applied. The actual properties of the materials in the structure should be used.3 durability requirements are appropriate for structures with design life within (20% of the target design life.

Originated as AS 2159-1978.
Third edition 2009.
Reissued incorporating Amendment No. 1 (October 2010).