AS 3700-1988

1 - AS 3700-1988 SAA MASONRY CODE
4 - PREFACE
5 - CONTENTS
7 - SECTION 1. SCOPE AND GENERAL
7 - 1.1 SCOPE.
7 - 1.2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
7 - 1.3 ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS AND METHODS
7 - 1.3.1 General
7 - 1.3.2 Existing structures
8 - 1.4 INFORMATION TO BE PROVIDED ON DOCUMENTS
8 - 1.4.1 General
8 - 1.4.2 Provision for demolition
8 - 1.5 DEFINITIONS
8 - 1.5.1 Application
8 - 1.5.2 Administrative definitions
8 - 1.5.3 Technical definitions
9 - 1.6 NOTATION
12 - SECTION 2. MATERIALS
12 - 2.1 MASONRY UNITS
12 - 2.2 MORTAR
12 - 2.2.1 General requirements
12 - 2.2.2 Materials
12 - 2.2.2.1 Cement and building lime
12 - 2.2.2.2 Sand (fine aggregate)
12 - 2.2.2.3 Eater
12 - 2.2.2.4 Additives
12 - 2.2.3 Proportions and classification of motars
12 - 2.2.3.1 General
12 - 2.2.3.2 Mortar for grouted and reinforced masonry
12 - 2.3 CONCRETE
12 - 2.4 GROUT
12 - 2.4.1 Composition
12 - 2.4.2 Strength
12 - 2.5 DAMP-PROOF COURSES, FLASHINGS AND WEATHERINGS
12 - 2.5.1 Compatibility
13 - 2.5.2 Physical properties
13 - 2.5.3 Mortar damp-proof courses
13 - 2.6 BUILT-IN ITEMS
13 - 2.7 WALLTIES AND ACCESSORIES
13 - 2.8 REINFORCEMENT
13 - 2.9 CORROSION RESISTANCE RATING FOR STEEL MASONRY
14 - SECTION 3. GENERAL DESIGN PRINCIPLES, PLANNING AND DETAILING
14 - 3.1 STRUCTURALREQUIREMENTS
14 - 3.1.1 General
14 - 3.1.2 Masonry under construction.
14 - 3.2 PREVENTION OF MOISTURE PENETRATION
14 - 3.2.1 General
14 - 3.2.2 Cavities
14 - 3.2.3 Weep holes
14 - 3.2.4 Damp-proof courses and flashings
14 - 3.3 FIRE RESISTANCE, THERMAL AND SOUND INSULATION
14 - 3.3.1 Fire resistance requirements
14 - 3.3.2 Thermal insulation
14 - 3.3.3 Sound insulation.
14 - 3.4 DURABILITY
14 - 3.4.1 General
14 - 3.4.2 Masonry units and mortar
15 - 3.4.3 Steel in masonry.
15 - 3.5 DIFFERENTIAL MOVEMENTS AND CONTROL JOINTS
15 - 3.5.1 Provision for movement
15 - 3.5.2 Use of control joints.
15 - 3.5.3 Detailing of control joints.
16 - 3.6 MORTAR JOINTS
16 - 3.6.1 Thickness of mortar joints
16 - 3.6.2 Joint finishing
17 - 3.7 BOND PATTERN
17 - 3.8 WALL TIES
17 - 3.9 BONDING AND TYING FOR MONOLITHIC STRUCTURAL ACTION
17 - 3.9.1 General
17 - 3.9.2 Bonding with masonry header units
17 - 3.9.3 Tying across the interface.
17 - 3.10 CONNECTIONS TO STRUCTURAL SUPPORTS
17 - 3.10.1 General
17 - 3.10.2 Masonry anchors and ties.
18 - 3.11 EMBEDMENT OF TIES AND ANCHORS
18 - 3.12 CHASES, HOLES AND RECESSES
18 - 3.13 ARCHES AND LINTELS
18 - 3.14 SILLS AND THRESHOLDS
18 - 3.15 BOLTS AND ANCHORS
19 - SECTION 4. STRUCTURAL DESIGN, GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
19 - 4.1 SCOPE OF SECTION
19 - 4.2 BASIS OF DESIGN
19 - 4.2.1 General
19 - 4.2.2 Members of different materials
19 - 4.2.2.1 General
19 - 4.2.2.2 Structural elements of mixed construction
19 - 4.3 DESIGN LOADS
19 - 4.3.1 Loads and other forces and action
19 - 4.3.1.1 Dead, live and wind loads
19 - 4.3.1.2 Other forces and actions
19 - 4.3.2 Design load combinations
19 - 4.3.3 Design loads for lateral support.
19 - 4.4 ACCIDENTAL DAMAGE.
19 - 4.5 MATERIAL PROPERTIES
19 - 4.5.1 General
20 - 4.5.2 Characteristic compressive strength of masonry
21 - 4.5.3 Characteristic flexural tensile strength of masonry
21 - 4.5.4 Characteristic shear strength of masonry
21 - 4.5.5 Characteristic unconfined compressive strength of masonry units
21 - 4.5.6 Characteristic lateral modulus of rupture of masonry units
21 - 4.5.7 Characteristic compressive strength of grout
21 - 4.5.8 Characteristic tensile strength of reinforcement
21 - 4.5.9 Modulus of elasticity of reinforcement
22 - 4.6 CAPACITY REDUCTION FACTORS
22 - 4.6.1 Capacity reduction factors
22 - 4.6.2 Size reduction factor
22 - 4.7 DIMENSIONS AND CROSS-SECTION PROPERTIES
22 - 4.7.1 Cross-section dimensions
22 - 4.7.1.1 Bedded thickness
22 - 4.7.1.2 Effective depth of reinforced masonry members
22 - 4.7.1.3 Effective width of compression faces and flanges
22 - 4.7.1.4 Junction between reinforced and unreinforced masonry
23 - 4.7.1.5 Structural end of a masonry member
23 - 4.7.2 Cross-section areas
23 - 4.7.2.1 Bedded area
23 - 4.7.2.2 Combined cross-sectional area
23 - 4.7.2.3 Design cross-sectional area
23 - 4.7.2.4 Grout area
23 - 4.7.3 Section modulus and second moment of area
23 - 4.8 SLENDERNESS RATIO
23 - 4.8.1 General
23 - 4.8.2 Evaluation of slenderness ratio
24 - 4.8.3 Walls with openings
24 - 4.9 LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR STABILITY DESIGN
24 - 4.10 DESIGN FOR SERVICEABILITY
24 - 4.10.1 Design to limit deflection and cracking
24 - 4.10.2.2 Minimum thickness of masonry members
26 - SECTION 5. STRUCTURAL DESIGN, UNREINFORCED MASONRY
26 - 5.1 SCOPE OF SECTION
26 - 5.2 GENERAL BASIS OF DESIGN
26 - 5.3 DESIGN FOR COMPRESSIVE FORCES AND VERTICAL BENDING
26 - 5.3.1 General
26 - 5.3.2 Uniaxial bending and compression of uniform symmetrical members
27 - 5.3.3 Concentrated loads
27 - 5.3.3.1 General
27 - 5.3.3.2 Dispersion of a concentrated load through the masonry
27 - 5.3.3.4 Concentrated bearing factor
28 - 5.4 DESIGN FOR VERTICAL BENDING FROM TRANSIENT OUT-OF-PLANE FORCES
28 - 5.5 DESIGN FOR HORIZONTAL BENDING FROM TRANSIENT OUT-OF-PLANE FORCES
28 - 5.5.1 General
28 - 5.5.2 Horizontal bending with tension stresses permitted
29 - 5.5.3 Compressive stress on bed joints
29 - 5.5.4 Perpend spacing factor
29 - 5.6 DESIGN OF WALLS WITHOUT OPENINGS
29 - 5.6.1 General
29 - 5.6.2 Lateral load capacity
29 - 5.6.3 Bending coefficients
29 - 5.7 DESIGN FOR SHEAR FORCES
29 - 5.7.1 Shear capacity
30 - 5.7.2 Shear factor
30 - 5.7.3 Development of longitudinal shear strength
30 - 5.8 DESIGN OF CAVITY WALLS
30 - 5.8.1 General
30 - 5.8.2 Compressive load capacity with one leaf loaded
30 - 5.8.3 Compressive load capacity with both leaves loaded
30 - 5.8.4 Lateral bending capacity
30 - 5.9 DESIGN OF MASONRY VENEER WALLS
30 - 5.10 DESIGN OF DIAPHRAGM WALLS
30 - 5.10.1 General
30 - 5.10.2 Design for lateral loads
30 - 5.10.3 Diaphragms
30 - 5.11 DESIGN OF SHEAR WALLS
30 - 5.11.2 Two or more shear walls acting together
30 - 5.11.3 Design for compression and in-plane lateral forces
30 - 5.12 DESIGN OF WALL TIES
32 - SECTION 6. STRUCTURAL DESIGN, REINFORCED MASONRY
32 - 6.1 SCOPE OF SECTION.
32 - 6.2 GENERAL BASIS OF DESIGN AND DETAILING FOR REINFORCED MASONRY
32 - 6.3 DESIGN FOR COMPRESSION
32 - 6.3.1 Comprehensive load capacity
32 - 6.3.2 Reinforcement
32 - 6.3.2.1 Main reinforcement
32 - 6.3.2.2 Reinforcement in walls and engaged piers
32 - 6.3.2.3 Ties to main compression reinforcement
32 - 6.3.3 Concentrated loads
32 - 6.4 DESIGN FOR BENDING
32 - 6.4.1 Bending capacity
32 - 6.4.2 Reinforcement
33 - 6.5 DESIGN FOR COMBINED COMPRESSION
33 - 6.6 DESIGN FOR AXIAL TENSION
33 - 6.7 DESIGN FOR SHEAR FORCES
33 - 6.7.1 Piers, beams and out-of-plane shear on walls
33 - 6.7.1.1 Shear capacity
33 - 6.7.1.2 Shear reinforcement
33 - 6.7.2 In-plane shear in walls
33 - 6.7.2.1 In-plane shear capacity
33 - 6.7.2.2 Shear reinforcement for in-plane shear
33 - 6.8 REINFORCEMENT DETAILING, COVER AND PROTECTION
33 - 6.8.1 General
33 - 6.8.2 Reinforcement in grouted cavities and cores
33 - 6.8.3 Reinforcement embedded in mortar joints.
34 - SECTION 7. DESIGN FOR FIRE RESISTANCE
34 - 7.1 SCOPE OF SECTION
34 - 7.2 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
34 - 7.3 FIRE-RESISTANCE LEVELS
34 - 7.4 FIRE RESISTANCE FOR STRUCTURAL ADEQUACY
34 - 7.4.1 General
34 - 7.4.2 Determination of slenderness ratio
34 - 7.4.3 Design of walls from tabulated values
35 - 7.4.4 Design based on test results
35 - 7.4.5 Protection to reinforcement
35 - 7.5 FIRE RESISTANCE FOR INTEGRITY
35 - 7.5.1 General
35 - 7.5.2 Design from tabular values
35 - 7.5.3 Design based on test results
35 - 7.6 FIRE RESISTANCE FOR INSULATION
35 - 7.6.1 General
35 - 7.6.2 Material thickness of member
36 - 7.6.3 Design from tabulated values
37 - 7.6.4 Design based on test results
38 - SECTION 8. WORKMANSHIP AND SITE CONTROL
38 - 8.1 GENERAL.
38 - 8.2 PROTECTION OF MATERIALS
38 - 8.3 MASONRY UNITS
38 - 8.3.1 Moisture content
38 - 8.3.2 Test certificates
38 - 8.4 MORTAR
38 - 8.4.1 General
38 - 8.4.2 Measurement of materials
38 - 8.4.3 Mixing
38 - 8.4.4 Time period for using mortar
38 - 8.4.5 Retempering of mortar
38 - 8.4.6 Chemical testing of mortar
38 - 8.5 STRENGTH TESTING OF SPECIAL MASONRY
38 - 8.5.1 General
38 - 8.5.2 Rate of sampling
38 - 8.5.3 Test specimens
38 - 8.5.4 Target strength and quality control
38 - 8.6 ASSESSMENT OF NON-COMPLIANCE
39 - 8.7 WORKMANSHIP
39 - 8.7.1 Base course
39 - 8.7.2 Mortar joints
39 - 8.7.3 Movement control joints
39 - 8.7.4 Bonding
39 - 8.7.5 Cutting of units
39 - 8.7.6 Holes and chases
39 - 8.7.7 Building in
39 - 8.7.8 Rate of construction
39 - 8.7.9 Sections of masonry constructed at different rates or time
39 - 8.7.10 Construction during adverse weather conditions.
39 - 8.7.11 Disturbance of new masonry
39 - 8.8 TOLERANCES IN MASONRY
39 - 8.8.1 General
40 - 8.8.2 Reinforcement.
40 - 8.9 GROUTED MASONRY
40 - 8.9.1 Cleaning out
40 - 8.9.2 Grouting
40 - 8.9.3 Sampling and testing of grout
40 - 8.10 CAVITIES IN WALLS
40 - 8.11 JOINT FINISHING
40 - 8.12 DAMP-PROOF COURSES AND FLASHINGS
40 - 8.13 PROTECTION OF NEW AND INCOMPLETE MASONRY
40 - 8.13.1 Temporary bracing
40 - 8.13.2 Premature loading
40 - 8.13.3 Physical damage
40 - 8.13.4 Weather conditions
40 - 8.14 CLEANING
41 - APPENDIX A - DETERMINATION OF STRENGTH OF MASONRY SPECIMENS
41 - A1 SCOPE
41 - A2 NUMBER OF SPECIMENS PER SAMPLE
41 - A3 CONSTRUCTION OF SPECIMENS
41 - A3.1 General
41 - A3.2 Number of courses in piers
41 - A3.3 Laying procedure
41 - A3.4 Additional requirements for grouted masonry specimens
41 - A3.5 Curing
41 - A3.6 Bond wrench test specimens
42 - A3.7 Compression test specimens
42 - A4 AGEATTEST
42 - A5 TRANSPORTATION
42 - A6 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF PRISMS
42 - A6.1 Apparatus
42 - A6.2 Test procedure
42 - A6.3 Calculation of compressive strength of specimen
42 - A7 FLEXURAL STRENGTH BY BOND WRENCH TEST
42 - A7.1 General
43 - A7.2 Apparatus
43 - A7.3 Calibration of apparatus
44 - A7.4 Test procedure
44 - A7.5 Calculation of flexural strength of specimen
44 - A8 FLEXURAL STRENGTH BY BEAM TEST
44 - A8.1 Test procedures
45 - A8.2 Calculation of flexural strength of specimen
45 - A9 CALCULATION OF TEST STRENGTH OF THE SAMPLE
45 - A10 REPORTING OF RESULTS
46 - APPENDIX B - ASSESSMENT OF STRENGTH VALUES FROM TEST RESULTS
46 - B1 SCOPE
46 - B2 GENERAL
46 - B3 ABNORMAL TEST RESULTS
46 - B3.1 General
46 - B3.2 Rejection limits
46 - B3.3 Rejection
46 - B4 MEAN
46 - B5 STANDARDDEVIATION
47 - B6 CHARACTERISTICVALUE
47 - B6.1 General
47 - B6.2 Evaluation of characteristic value
47 - B6.3 Coefficient of variation
48 - INDEX

Specifies requirements for the design and construction of masonry, both unreinforced and reinforced, using manufactured units of clay, calcium silicate or concrete, or units of square-dressed natural stone, laid in mortar.

This Standard specifies requirements for the design and construction of masonry, both unreinforced and reinforced, using manufactured units of clay, calcium silicate or concrete, or units of square-dressed natural stone, laid in mortar.NOTES:1. It has been assumed in the drafting of this Standard that the structural design of masonry is entrusted to experienced structural engineers or similar appropriately qualified persons, for whose guidance Sections 4, 5 and 6 have been prepared, and that the execution of such work is carried out under the direction of appropriately qualified persons who are experienced in high-quality masonry construction and who understand the structural requirements.2. The Standard does not give specific requirements for pre-stressed masonry, prefabricated masonry panels, masonry in composite action with steel or concrete structural members. The principles of this Standard should be followed, as far as they are applicable, for such types of construction.

Under Revision See DR 96495