1 - AS 1228-1997 PRESSURE EQUIPMENT - BOILERS
4 - PREFACE
5 - CONTENTS
7 - SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL
7 - 1.1 SCOPE
7 - 1.2 APPLICATION
7 - 1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
7 - 1.4 DEFINITIONS
7 - 1.4.1 Actual thickness
7 - 1.4.2 Calculation pressure
8 - 1.4.3 Design temperature
8 - 1.4.4 Design lifetime
8 - 1.4.5 Design pressure
8 - 1.4.6 Design strength
8 - 1.4.7 Drum
8 - 1.4.8 Electrode boiler
8 - 1.4.9 Element boiler
8 - 1.4.10 Fire-tube boiler
8 - 1.4.11 Forced or assisted circulation boiler
8 - 1.4.12 Header
8 - 1.4.13 Integral piping
9 - 1.4.14 Miscellaneous boilers
9 - 1.4.15 Natural circulation boiler
9 - 1.4.16 Nominal thickness
9 - 1.4.17 Once-through boiler
9 - 1.4.18 Tube
9 - 1.4.19 Water-tube boiler
9 - 1.4.20 Organic fluid heater and vaporizer
13 - 1.5 DESIGNATION
13 - 1.6 VALVES, FITTINGS AND BOILER INSTALLATION
13 - 1.7 RATING
13 - 1.8 RESPONSIBILITIES
14 - SECTION 2 MATERIALS AND DESIGN STRENGTHS
14 - 2.1 MATERIALS
14 - 2.1.1 General
14 - 2.1.2 Material identification
14 - 2.1.3 Welding materials
14 - 2.1.4 Prohibition of use of certain materials
14 - 2.1.5 Alternative material specifications
14 - 2.1.6 Use of structural or similar quality steels
15 - 2.1.7 Specifically tested materials
40 - 2.2 DESIGN STRENGTHS
40 - 2.2.1 General
40 - 2.2.2 Carbon and carbon-manganese steels
40 - 2.2.3 Alloy steels
40 - 2.2.4 Cast steels
40 - 2.2.5 Design temperature for water-tube boilers
42 - 2.2.6 Design temperature for tube and tube plates for fire-tube boilers
45 - 2.3 DESIGN LIFETIME
46 - SECTION 3 DESIGN
46 - 3.1 DESIGN CRITERIA
46 - 3.1.1 General
46 - 3.2 CYLINDRICAL SHELLS, DRUMS AND HEADERS SUBJECT TO INTERNAL PRESSURE
46 - 3.2.1 Shell thickness
46 - 3.2.2 Minimum thickness
47 - 3.2.3 Fire-tube and miscellaneous boilers
47 - 3.2.4 Longitudinal ligament efficiency
49 - 3.2.5 Equivalent longitudinal ligament efficiency for drilling on a diagonal line
51 - 3.2.6 Circumferential ligaments
51 - 3.2.7 Combined stresses in drum or header shells
58 - 3.2.8 Drum stress due to supports
58 - 3.2.9 Other drum stresses
58 - 3.2.10 Openings in cylindrical shells
60 - 3.2.11 Unreinforced openings
61 - 3.2.12 Reinforcement of single openings in shells
62 - 3.2.13 Limits of available reinforcement
65 - 3.2.14 Strength of reinforcement
65 - 3.2.15 Reinforcement of multiple openings
66 - 3.2.16 Openings in furnaces of fire-tube boilers
66 - 3.2.17 Fillet welds attaching parts, compensating plates and cylindrical shells of boilers
67 - 3.3 DISHED ENDS SUBJECT TO INTERNAL PRESSURE
67 - 3.3.1 General
67 - 3.3.2 Required shape
68 - 3.3.3 Thickness
70 - 3.3.4 Openings in dished ends
73 - 3.3.5 Dished and flanged crowns for vertical boilers
75 - 3.4 RECTANGULAR SECTION HEADERS
75 - 3.4.1 Straight rectangular headers
78 - 3.4.2 Rectangular headers other than straight
78 - 3.5 HEADER ENDS
78 - 3.5.1 General
78 - 3.5.2 Ends attached by welding
79 - 3.5.3 Ends attached by bolting
79 - 3.5.4 Reinforcement of openings in flat ends
81 - 3.6 PRESSURE PARTS OF IRREGULAR SHAPE
81 - 3.6.1 General
81 - 3.6.2 Test pressure
81 - 3.7 TUBES AND INTEGRAL PIPES
81 - 3.7.1 Minimum thickness subjected to internal pressure
82 - 3.7.2 Tubes subject to external pressure
82 - 3.7.3 Bending of boiler, superheater, reheater, and economizer tubes
82 - 3.7.4 Flexibility of piping systems
84 - 3.8 STRUCTURAL ATTACHMENTS TO TUBES
84 - 3.8.1 Welding of attachments
84 - 3.8.2 Maximum thickness of attachment
84 - 3.8.3 Intensity of radial loading
85 - 3.8.4 Maximum force due to radial loading
89 - 3.9 INSPECTION OPENINGS
89 - 3.9.1 Access openings water-tube and fire-tube boilers
89 - 3.9.2 Externally-fitted cover plates
89 - 3.9.3 Internally fitted doors
92 - 3.9.4 Openings in flat plates of fire-tube boilers
93 - 3.9.5 Inspection and cleaning for fire-tube and miscellaneous boilers
98 - 3.10 STAYS, STIFFENERS AND SUPPORTED SURFACES FOR FIRE-TUBE AND MISCELLANEOUS BOILERS
98 - 3.10.1 End plates
98 - 3.10.2 Breathing spaces
111 - 3.10.3 Stayed flat surfaces
112 - 3.10.4 Flat crown plates for vertical boilers
113 - 3.10.5 Girders for fire box and reversal chamber crowns
116 - 3.10.6 Stays for fire boxes, circular furnaces and reversal chambers
126 - 3.10.7 Firebox crown stays and stiffeners for loco-type boilers
126 - 3.10.8 Longitudinal bar stays
126 - 3.10.9 Loads on stay tubes and bar stays
126 - 3.10.10 Gusset and link stays (corner stays)
130 - 3.11 TUBES AND TUBE PLATES FOR FIRE-TUBE AND MISCELLANEOUS BOILER
130 - 3.11.1 Stay tubes and plain tubes
130 - 3.11.2 Pitch of tubes
133 - 3.11.3 Thickness of tube plates within tube nests
133 - 3.11.4 Horizontal shelves of tube plates forming part of the shell
133 - 3.11.5 Horizontal tube nests in vertical boilers
134 - 3.12 FURNACES, REVERSAL CHAMBERS AND FIREBOXES OF CYLINDRICAL FORM SUBJECT TO EXTERNAL PRESSURE
134 - 3.12.1 Furnaces
137 - 3.12.2 Circular reversal chambers
137 - 3.12.3 Fireboxes and associated components
147 - 3.13 BOILER SETTINGS
147 - 3.14 BRANCHES AND STUDDED CONNECTIONS
147 - 3.14.1 Thickness
147 - 3.14.2 Forms of connections
148 - 3.14.3 Seatings for mountings
151 - 3.14.4 Integral piping branches
171 - SECTION 4 MANUFACTURE AND WORKMANSHIP
171 - 4.1 PRESSURE PARTS
171 - 4.1.1 General
171 - 4.1.2 Cylindrical shells and drums
171 - 4.1.3 Welded construction
172 - 4.1.4 Headers and similar pressure parts
172 - 4.1.5 Plain tubes and stay tubes for fire-tube and miscellaneous boilers
173 - 4.1.6 Attachment of tubes - General
173 - 4.1.7 Furnaces for fire-tube and miscellaneous boilers
173 - 4.1.8 Fireboxes for fire-tube and miscellaneous boilers
178 - 4.1.9 Stays for fire tube and miscellaneous boilers
179 - 4.2 WELDING
179 - 4.2.1 General
179 - 4.2.2 Welds of main joints
179 - 4.2.3 Welding of pipes and tubes
180 - SECTION 5 INSPECTION AND TESTING
180 - 5.1 GENERAL
180 - 5.2 NON-DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION
180 - 5.3 TEST PLATES AND MECHANICAL TESTS OF PRODUCTION WELDS
180 - 5.3.1 Provision of test plates
181 - 5.4 HYDROSTATIC TESTS
181 - 5.4.1 General requirements
181 - 5.4.2 Test pressure
181 - 5.4.3 Component testing
182 - 5.4.4 Requirements for once-through boilers
182 - 5.4.5 Hydrostatic test procedure
184 - SECTION 6 DOCUMENTATION AND MARKING
184 - 6.1 DRAWINGS, DOCUMENTS, AND DATA SHEETS
184 - 6.2 CERTIFICATES
184 - 6.3 MARKING
184 - 6.3.1 General
184 - 6.3.2 Marking required
185 - SECTION 7 MISCELLANEOUS BOILERS AND COIL-TYPE FORCED CIRCULATION BOILERS
185 - 7.1 ELECTRIC BOILERS
185 - 7.1.1 General
185 - 7.1.2 Electricity supply
185 - 7.1.3 Load adjustment
185 - 7.1.4 Current balance
185 - 7.1.5 Electrodes, elements and internal parts
186 - 7.1.6 Pressure and temperature control
186 - 7.1.7 Hydrostatic tests
186 - 7.1.8 Access
186 - 7.2 CAST IRON BOILERS
186 - 7.2.1 General
186 - 7.2.2 Maximum design pressure
186 - 7.2.3 Maximum design temperature
186 - 7.2.4 Materials
186 - 7.2.5 Witnessing of bursting tests
186 - 7.3 MINIATURE BOILERS
186 - 7.3.1 General
187 - 7.3.2 Designation
187 - 7.3.3 Design and construction
187 - 7.3.4 Materials
187 - 7.3.5 Inspection openings
187 - 7.3.6 Valves, gauges and other fittings
187 - 7.4 COIL-TYPE FORCED CIRCULATION BOILERS
187 - 7.4.1 General
187 - 7.4.2 Limitations
188 - 7.4.3 Requirements
188 - 7.5 ORGANIC FLUID HEATERS AND VAPORIZERS
188 - 7.5.1 General
188 - 7.5.2 Materials
188 - 7.5.3 Design
188 - 7.5.4 Valves and fittings
188 - 7.6 WATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
189 - APPENDIX A - LIST OF REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
192 - APPENDIX B - EXAMPLE OF PRINCIPAL INTEGRAL WATER-TUBE BOILER PIPEWORK COVERED BY THIS STANDARD
193 - APPENDIX C - INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED BY THE PURCHASER AND THE MANUFACTURER
193 - C1 INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED BY THE PURCHASER
194 - C2 INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED BY THE MANUFACTURER
195 - APPENDIX D - DERIVATION OF MATERIAL DESIGN STRENGTH
195 - D1 GENERAL
195 - D2 NOTATION
195 - D3 TIME-INDEPENDENT DESIGN STRENGTH
195 - D3.1 General
196 - D3.2 Carbon, carbon-manganese, and low alloy steels
196 - D3.3 Austenitic steels
197 - D4 TIME-DEPENDENT DESIGN STRENGTHS
198 - APPENDIX E - CALCULATION OF TUBEPLATE TEMPERATURES
198 - E1 GENERAL
198 - E2 NOTATION
199 - E3 CALCULATION METHOD
199 - E3.1 Radiation coefficients
200 - E3.2 Convection coefficients
200 - E3.3 Weighted average gas-side heat transfer coefficient
201 - E3.4 Tubeplate thermal conductance
201 - E3.5 Water-side heat transfer
201 - E3.6 Tubeplate temperatures
201 - E4 EXAMPLE OF A CALCULATION
201 - E4.1 Design data assumed
202 - E4.2 Calculation of radiation coefficient
202 - E4.3 Calculation of convection coefficients
202 - E4.4 Calculation of weighted average gas-side heat transfer coefficient
202 - E4.5 Calculation of tube plate thermal conductance
203 - E4.6 Calculation of tube plate temperatures
213 - BIBLIOGRAPHY
214 - APPENDIX F - ANALYTICAL DESIGN METHOD FOR REINFORCEMENT OF OPENINGS ALTERNATIVE TO THE DESIGN METHOD SHOWN IN CLAUSE 3.2.10
214 - F1 GENERAL
216 - F2 LIMITS OF APPLICATION
216 - F3 DESIGN METHOD FOR ISOLATED OPENINGS OR BRANCHES
218 - F4 EXTENT OF REINFORCEMENT
218 - F5 DESIGN METHOD FOR GROUPS OF OPENINGS OR BRANCHES
224 - APPENDIX G - EXAMPLE OF MANUFACTURER'S REPORT